Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology Research, a peer reviewed, Open Access Journal provides an open platform for eminent scientists around the globe to publish their scholarly work in field related to organism association with their ecological niche and effects incurred by various deleterious toxic substances to organism and their effects at each level of ecological hierarchy. Various regulatory approaches for toxic chemicals management are included in scope of Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology Research.

Neuropharmacology

Psychopharmacology is the learning of the effects of medication on the psyche (psychology), observing changed behaviors and how molecular events are manifest in a measurable behavioral form. Neuropharmacology is the study of the effects of medication on central and peripheral nervous system performance. Principles related to psychopharmacology.  Neurogenesis and repair deal with other aspects on the indications for medications prescribed to address psychiatric and behavioral problems, that are associated with, including antipsychotic, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant medications, acquired brain injury and Neurocognitive effects associated with therapeutic drugs also include mood stabilizers and treatments prescribed for disorders of attention. The treatments may cause side effects such as induction of the metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes related to the medications prescribed for management of psychiatric and behavioral disorders and disturbances. Ethnopsychopharmacology also deals with the biotransformation and metabolism of medications, as well as specific differential actions: i.e., CYP450 enzymatic inhibition and induction of metabolism of psychopharmacological and herbaceutical substrates.

Clinical Pharmacology

Clinical Pharmacology has been practiced for centuries through observing the effects of herbal remedies and early drugs on humans. The pharmacologic effect that a medication has on the body is known as pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters become important because of the association between host drug concentrations, microorganism eradication, and resistance. Since long scientific advances allowed scientists to come together with the study of physiological effects with biological effects Receptor theory for drug effects and its discovery with clinical pharmacology has stretched out to be a multidisciplinary field and has contributed to the findings of drug interaction, therapeutic effectiveness and safety. Drug interactions and pharmacological compatibilities include the study of pharmacokinetics that includes the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. The pharmacologic effect that a medication has on the body is known as pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters become especially important because of the association between drug application, microorganism abolition, and resistance.

Psychopharmacology

Psychopharmacology is the learning of the effects of medication on the psyche (psychology), observing changed behaviors and how molecular events are manifest in a measurable behavioral form. Neuropharmacology is the study of the effects of medication on central and peripheral nervous system performance. Principles related to psychopharmacology.  Neurogenesis and repair deal with other aspects on the indications for medications prescribed to address psychiatric and behavioral problems, that are associated with, including antipsychotic, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant medications, acquired brain injury and Neurocognitive effects associated with therapeutic drugs also include mood stabilizers and treatments prescribed for disorders of attention. The treatments may cause side effects such as induction of the metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes related to the medications prescribed for management of psychiatric and behavioral disorders and disturbances. Ethnaophsychopharmacology also deals with the biotransformation and metabolism of medications, as well as specific differential actions: i.e., CYP450 enzyme inhibition and induction of metabolism of psychopharmacological and herbaceutical substrates.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology

Cardio pharmacodynamics of digitalis is most frequently used to increase the adequacy of the circulation in patients with CCF and to slow the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter NB: the main action of digitalis is its ability to increase myocardial contractility its positive isotropic action results in, a. increased cardiac output, b. decreased heart size, c. decreased venous pressure, d. decreased circulating blood volume, e. diuresis and relief of edema as digitalis frequently causes a dramatic reduction in the ventricular rate, it was originally believed this was the main effect subsequently shown to be beneficial irrespective of the HR, its predominant effects being on contractility in addition to the cardiac effects, digitalis has a direct action on, a. vascular smooth muscle b. neural tissue the later being responsible for indirect cardiac actions of the drug finally, changes to the circulation brought about by digitalis frequently result in reflex autonomic & hormonal changes which effect the CVS. Role of drugs in coronary circulation the circulatory system is busy providing oxygen and nourishment to every cell of the body, let's not forget that the heart, which works hardest of all, needs nourishment, too. Coronary circulation refers to the movement of blood through the tissues of the heart. The circulation of blood through the heart is just one part of the overall circulatory system. Pharmacology of vascular endothelium deals with alterations of endothelial cells and the vasculature play a central role in the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of the most dreadful of human diseases, as endothelial cells have the key function of participating in the maintenance of patent and functional capillaries. The endothelium is directly involved in peripheral vascular disease, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, insulin resistance, chronic kidney failure, tumor growth, metastasis, venous thrombosis, and severe viral infectious diseases. Dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is thus a hallmark of human diseases. In this review the main endothelial abnormalities found in various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and viral infections are addressed.

Ethnopharmacology

Integrative Pharmacological Investigations include conglomeration of more number of pharmacological aspects and aggregated scientific research of two or more drugs. Natural products of chemistry in drug discovery play a vital role in bringing advances in traditional drug treatments. Chemistry and structural elucidation of drugs accelerate potential treatment options in the evolving developmental changes. Natural and synthetic derivatives in pharmacological studies are important aspect of advances in the development and investigation that avoid adverse drug reactions of the synthetic medicine. Mere change in the structures of the drugs can cause potential differences in efficacy and therapeutics of drug treatment.

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics

Recent advances in DNA repair are DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are lesions caused by a variety of endogenous metabolites, ecological exposures, and cancer chemotherapeutic agents that have two reactive groups. The general feature of these diverse lesions is that two nucleotides on opposite strands are joined covalently. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are clearly correlated. The somatic mutation theory of cancer holds that these agents cause cancer by causing the mutation of somatic cells. A unique feature of inter-strand cross-links repair is that both strands of DNA must be incised to completely remove the lesion. Drug dosing guidelines accomplished in sequential steps to prevent creating multiple double-strand breaks. Understanding the specificity of mutagens in bacteria has led to the direct implication of certain environmental mutagens in the causation of human cancers.

Toxicology

Toxicology is the study of the undesirable effects of chemicals on living organisms. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people. Principles of management of a poisoned patient and relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism deals with important criterion regarding the toxicity of a chemical is the dose, i.e. the amount of exposure to the substance. Hypothesis and data driven research focuses on substances that are toxic under the right conditions. The term LD50 refers to the dose of a toxic substance that kills 50 percent of test population. LD50 estimations in animals are no longer required for regulatory submissions as a part of pre-clinical development package. Toxicity associated with metabolites is the conventional relationship has been challenged in the study of endocrine disruptors. There are various specialized sub disciplines within the field of toxicology that concern diverse chemical and biological aspects of this area. Toxicology has played a significant role in verifying conclusions drawn on the basis of epidemiological findings.

Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmaco-economics:

Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the utilization and effects of drugs in large numbers of people; it provides an estimate of the probability of beneficial effects of a drug in a population and the probability of adverse effects. It can be called a bridge science spanning both clinical pharmacology and epidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiology concentrates on clinical patient outcomes from therapeutics by using methods of clinical epidemiology and applying them to understanding the determinants of beneficial and adverse drug effects, effects of genetic variation on drug effect, duration-response relationships, clinical effects of drug-drug interactions, and the effects of medication non-adherence. Pharmacovigilance is a part of Pharmacoepidemiology that involves continual monitoring, in a population, for unwanted effects and other safety concerns arising in drugs that are already on the market. Pharmacoepidemiology sometimes also involves the conduct and evaluation of programmatic efforts to improve medication use on a population basis.

Drug Screening and Discovery.

Reverse pharmacology includes drug screening deals with reverse pharmacology and forward pharmacology are two approaches to drug discovery. Target based drug discovery is the process through which potential new medicines are identified. It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology, screening of chemical libraries and its pharmacology, methods to determine biological targeting, by systematically perturbing and interrogating biological pathways with synthetically novel chemical tools, preclinical validation of target biology is beginning to illuminate a more cost effective and efficient paradigm for the development of novel drugs modulating novel targets.

Drug Development & Drug Delivery Systems

Liposomes and nanoparticles: Nanoscale drug delivery systems using liposome’s and nanoparticles are rising technologies for the rational delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment various ailments. Nanoparticles present possible dangers, both medically and environmentally. Most of these are due to the high surface to volume ratio, which can make the particles very reactive or catalytic. They are also able to pass through cell membranes in organisms, and their interactions with organic systems are relatively. It is unlikely the particles would enter the cell nucleus, and other internal cellular components due to the particle size and intercellular agglomeration. For drug delivery, Epigenetic mechanisms of importance for drug treatment. Pharmaceutics is the science which deals with quantitative description of disease, drug effects and variability. There are varies and applied techniques used in accelerator mass spectrometry to pharmacology and toxicology.

Ocular Pharmacology

Ocular Pharmacology deals with the pharmacological effects of drugs that act on ophthalmic diseases. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ocular drugs is essentials for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Advanced studies in the drugs related to eye is important to for faster drug delivery and hence the drug action.

Biochemical pharmacology:

It is based on principles of drug action. Biochemical pharmacology uses the methods of biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, structural biology, cell biology, and cell physiology to define the mechanisms of drug action and how drugs influence the organism by studies on intact animals, organs, cells, sub cellular compartments and individual protein molecules.  It explores the range of biochemical targets and mechanisms. It covers research on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs and non-therapeutic xenobiotics. It also involves in elucidation of cellular and tissue functions at the biochemical and molecular levels, the modification of cellular phenotypes by genetic, transcriptional or translational or drug or compound-induced modifications.

Pharmacological Testing

Development of medication is a vital concern to medicine. The metabolic stability and the reactivity of a library of candidate drug compounds must be assessed for drug metabolism and toxicological studies. Many methods of pharmacological tests have been proposed for quantitative predictions in drug metabolism. If the chemical structure of a medicinal compound is altered to some extent, this could slightly or noticeably alter the medicinal properties of the compound based on the level of alteration as it relates to the structural composition of the substrate or receptor site on which it exerts its medicinal effect, a concept referred to as the structural activity relationship (SAR). When a useful activity has been identified, chemists will make many similar compounds called analogues, to maximize the desired medicinal effect(s) of the compound. 

Nursing Pharmacology:

Pharmacology for nurses is one of the most important elements in nursing education. It is the field is science that is related to management of drugs as per the disease profile of the patient. Nursing pharmacology is dealt with vigilance over the drug action on the patients from the initial stage of drug administration and further monitoring and observing the effects.

Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology is using Editorial Tracking System to maintain quality and transparency to the author in the peer-review process. Review processing will be performed by the editorial board members of the Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology or by Reviewers (outside experts in the field). Two independent reviewer’s approval (Minimum reviewer’s approval) followed by editor approval is obligatory for acceptance of any manuscript excluding an editorial.

On the occasion of its 3 years, Successful Journey, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology decided to provide a partial waiver on its article processing charges to promote quality research from across the nations of the globe to encourage the latest research in the field of Infections, Diseases and Medicine. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology also planning to release a special issue on its new approaches.

Regards

Mary Wilson

Editorial office

Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology

E-mail: pharmatoxicol@eclinicalsci.com

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